Database FunctionsP

The classes documented below provide a way for users to use functions provided by the underlying database as annotations, aggregations, or filters in Django. Functions are also expressions, so they can be used and combined with other expressions like aggregate functions.

We'll be using the following model in examples of each function:

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    age = models.PositiveIntegerField(null=True, blank=True)
    alias = models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)
    goes_by = models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)

We don't usually recommend allowing null=True for CharField since this allows the field to have two "empty values", but it's important for the Coalesce example below.

Comparison and conversion functionsP

`Cast`P

class Cast(expression, output_field)[源代码]P

Forces the result type of expression to be the one from output_field.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cast
>>> Value.objects.create(integer=4)
>>> value = Value.objects.annotate(as_float=Cast('integer', FloatField())).get()
>>> print(value.as_float)
4.0

`Coalesce`P

class Coalesce(*expressions, **extra)[源代码]P

Accepts a list of at least two field names or expressions and returns the first non-null value (note that an empty string is not considered a null value). Each argument must be of a similar type, so mixing text and numbers will result in a database error.

Usage examples:

>>> # Get a screen name from least to most public
>>> from django.db.models import Sum, Value as V
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Coalesce
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith', goes_by='Maggie')
>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(
...    screen_name=Coalesce('alias', 'goes_by', 'name')).get()
>>> print(author.screen_name)
Maggie

>>> # Prevent an aggregate Sum() from returning None
>>> aggregated = Author.objects.aggregate(
...    combined_age=Coalesce(Sum('age'), V(0)),
...    combined_age_default=Sum('age'))
>>> print(aggregated['combined_age'])
0
>>> print(aggregated['combined_age_default'])
None

警告

A Python value passed to Coalesce on MySQL may be converted to an incorrect type unless explicitly cast to the correct database type:

>>> from django.db.models import DateTimeField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cast, Coalesce
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> now = timezone.now()
>>> Coalesce('updated', Cast(now, DateTimeField()))

`Greatest`P

class Greatest(*expressions, **extra)[源代码]P

Accepts a list of at least two field names or expressions and returns the greatest value. Each argument must be of a similar type, so mixing text and numbers will result in a database error.

使用实例：

class Blog(models.Model):
    body = models.TextField()
    modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

class Comment(models.Model):
    body = models.TextField()
    modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
    blog = models.ForeignKey(Blog, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Greatest
>>> blog = Blog.objects.create(body='Greatest is the best.')
>>> comment = Comment.objects.create(body='No, Least is better.', blog=blog)
>>> comments = Comment.objects.annotate(last_updated=Greatest('modified', 'blog__modified'))
>>> annotated_comment = comments.get()

annotated_comment.last_updated will be the most recent of blog.modified and comment.modified.

警告

The behavior of Greatest when one or more expression may be null varies between databases:

PostgreSQL: Greatest will return the largest non-null expression, or null if all expressions are null.
SQLite, Oracle, and MySQL: If any expression is null, Greatest will return null.

The PostgreSQL behavior can be emulated using Coalesce if you know a sensible minimum value to provide as a default.

`Least`P

class Least(*expressions, **extra)[源代码]P

Accepts a list of at least two field names or expressions and returns the least value. Each argument must be of a similar type, so mixing text and numbers will result in a database error.

警告

The behavior of Least when one or more expression may be null varies between databases:

PostgreSQL: Least will return the smallest non-null expression, or null if all expressions are null.
SQLite, Oracle, and MySQL: If any expression is null, Least will return null.

The PostgreSQL behavior can be emulated using Coalesce if you know a sensible maximum value to provide as a default.

`NullIf`P

class NullIf(expression1, expression2)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.2:

Accepts two expressions and returns None if they are equal, otherwise returns expression1.

Caveats on Oracle

Due to an Oracle convention, this function returns the empty string instead of None when the expressions are of type CharField.

Passing Value(None) to expression1 is prohibited on Oracle since Oracle doesn't accept NULL as the first argument.

Date functionsP

We'll be using the following model in examples of each function:

class Experiment(models.Model):
    start_datetime = models.DateTimeField()
    start_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    start_time = models.TimeField(null=True, blank=True)
    end_datetime = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)
    end_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    end_time = models.TimeField(null=True, blank=True)

`Extract`P

class Extract(expression, lookup_name=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

Extracts a component of a date as a number.

Takes an expression representing a DateField, DateTimeField, TimeField, or DurationField and a lookup_name, and returns the part of the date referenced by lookup_name as an IntegerField. Django usually uses the databases' extract function, so you may use any lookup_name that your database supports. A tzinfo subclass, usually provided by pytz, can be passed to extract a value in a specific timezone.

Given the datetime 2015-06-15 23:30:01.000321+00:00, the built-in lookup_names return:

"year": 2015
"iso_year": 2015
"quarter": 2
"month": 6
"day": 15
"week": 25
"week_day": 2
"hour": 23
"minute": 30
"second": 1

If a different timezone like Australia/Melbourne is active in Django, then the datetime is converted to the timezone before the value is extracted. The timezone offset for Melbourne in the example date above is +10:00. The values returned when this timezone is active will be the same as above except for:

"day": 16
"week_day": 3
"hour": 9

week_day values

The week_day lookup_type is calculated differently from most databases and from Python's standard functions. This function will return 1 for Sunday, 2 for Monday, through 7 for Saturday.

The equivalent calculation in Python is:

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> dt = datetime(2015, 6, 15)
>>> (dt.isoweekday() % 7) + 1
2

week values

The week lookup_type is calculated based on ISO-8601, i.e., a week starts on a Monday. The first week of a year is the one that contains the year's first Thursday, i.e. the first week has the majority (four or more) of its days in the year. The value returned is in the range 1 to 52 or 53.

Each lookup_name above has a corresponding Extract subclass (listed below) that should typically be used instead of the more verbose equivalent, e.g. use ExtractYear(...) rather than Extract(..., lookup_name='year').

使用实例：

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Extract
>>> start = datetime(2015, 6, 15)
>>> end = datetime(2015, 7, 2)
>>> Experiment.objects.create(
...    start_datetime=start, start_date=start.date(),
...    end_datetime=end, end_date=end.date())
>>> # Add the experiment start year as a field in the QuerySet.
>>> experiment = Experiment.objects.annotate(
...    start_year=Extract('start_datetime', 'year')).get()
>>> experiment.start_year
2015
>>> # How many experiments completed in the same year in which they started?
>>> Experiment.objects.filter(
...    start_datetime__year=Extract('end_datetime', 'year')).count()
1

`DateField` extractsP

class ExtractYear(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'year'

class ExtractIsoYear(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.2:

Returns the ISO-8601 week-numbering year.

lookup_name = 'iso_year'

class ExtractMonth(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'month'

class ExtractDay(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'day'

class ExtractWeekDay(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'week_day'

class ExtractWeek(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'week'

class ExtractQuarter(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'quarter'

These are logically equivalent to Extract('date_field', lookup_name). Each class is also a Transform registered on DateField and DateTimeField as __(lookup_name), e.g. __year.

Since DateFields don't have a time component, only Extract subclasses that deal with date-parts can be used with DateField:

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> from django.db.models.functions import (
...     ExtractDay, ExtractMonth, ExtractQuarter, ExtractWeek,
...     ExtractWeekDay, ExtractIsoYear, ExtractYear,
... )
>>> start_2015 = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 23, 30, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> end_2015 = datetime(2015, 6, 16, 13, 11, 27, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> Experiment.objects.create(
...    start_datetime=start_2015, start_date=start_2015.date(),
...    end_datetime=end_2015, end_date=end_2015.date())
>>> Experiment.objects.annotate(
...     year=ExtractYear('start_date'),
...     isoyear=ExtractIsoYear('start_date'),
...     quarter=ExtractQuarter('start_date'),
...     month=ExtractMonth('start_date'),
...     week=ExtractWeek('start_date'),
...     day=ExtractDay('start_date'),
...     weekday=ExtractWeekDay('start_date'),
... ).values('year', 'isoyear', 'quarter', 'month', 'week', 'day', 'weekday').get(
...     end_date__year=ExtractYear('start_date'),
... )
{'year': 2015, 'isoyear': 2015, 'quarter': 2, 'month': 6, 'week': 25,
 'day': 15, 'weekday': 2}

`DateTimeField` extractsP

In addition to the following, all extracts for DateField listed above may also be used on DateTimeFields .

class ExtractHour(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'hour'

class ExtractMinute(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'minute'

class ExtractSecond(expression, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'second'

These are logically equivalent to Extract('datetime_field', lookup_name). Each class is also a Transform registered on DateTimeField as __(lookup_name), e.g. __minute.

DateTimeField examples:

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> from django.db.models.functions import (
...     ExtractDay, ExtractHour, ExtractMinute, ExtractMonth,
...     ExtractQuarter, ExtractSecond, ExtractWeek, ExtractWeekDay,
...     ExtractYear,
... )
>>> start_2015 = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 23, 30, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> end_2015 = datetime(2015, 6, 16, 13, 11, 27, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> Experiment.objects.create(
...    start_datetime=start_2015, start_date=start_2015.date(),
...    end_datetime=end_2015, end_date=end_2015.date())
>>> Experiment.objects.annotate(
...     year=ExtractYear('start_datetime'),
...     isoyear=ExtractIsoYear('start_datetime'),
...     quarter=ExtractQuarter('start_datetime'),
...     month=ExtractMonth('start_datetime'),
...     week=ExtractWeek('start_datetime'),
...     day=ExtractDay('start_datetime'),
...     weekday=ExtractWeekDay('start_datetime'),
...     hour=ExtractHour('start_datetime'),
...     minute=ExtractMinute('start_datetime'),
...     second=ExtractSecond('start_datetime'),
... ).values(
...     'year', 'isoyear', 'month', 'week', 'day',
...     'weekday', 'hour', 'minute', 'second',
... ).get(end_datetime__year=ExtractYear('start_datetime'))
{'year': 2015, 'isoyear': 2015, 'quarter': 2, 'month': 6, 'week': 25,
 'day': 15, 'weekday': 2, 'hour': 23, 'minute': 30, 'second': 1}

When USE_TZ is True then datetimes are stored in the database in UTC. If a different timezone is active in Django, the datetime is converted to that timezone before the value is extracted. The example below converts to the Melbourne timezone (UTC +10:00), which changes the day, weekday, and hour values that are returned:

>>> import pytz
>>> melb = pytz.timezone('Australia/Melbourne')  # UTC+10:00
>>> with timezone.override(melb):
...    Experiment.objects.annotate(
...        day=ExtractDay('start_datetime'),
...        weekday=ExtractWeekDay('start_datetime'),
...        hour=ExtractHour('start_datetime'),
...    ).values('day', 'weekday', 'hour').get(
...        end_datetime__year=ExtractYear('start_datetime'),
...    )
{'day': 16, 'weekday': 3, 'hour': 9}

Explicitly passing the timezone to the Extract function behaves in the same way, and takes priority over an active timezone:

>>> import pytz
>>> melb = pytz.timezone('Australia/Melbourne')
>>> Experiment.objects.annotate(
...     day=ExtractDay('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
...     weekday=ExtractWeekDay('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
...     hour=ExtractHour('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
... ).values('day', 'weekday', 'hour').get(
...     end_datetime__year=ExtractYear('start_datetime'),
... )
{'day': 16, 'weekday': 3, 'hour': 9}

`Now`P

class Now[源代码]P

Returns the database server's current date and time when the query is executed, typically using the SQL CURRENT_TIMESTAMP.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Now
>>> Article.objects.filter(published__lte=Now())
<QuerySet [<Article: How to Django>]>

PostgreSQL considerations

On PostgreSQL, the SQL CURRENT_TIMESTAMP returns the time that the current transaction started. Therefore for cross-database compatibility, Now() uses STATEMENT_TIMESTAMP instead. If you need the transaction timestamp, use django.contrib.postgres.functions.TransactionNow.

`Trunc`P

class Trunc(expression, kind, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

Truncates a date up to a significant component.

When you only care if something happened in a particular year, hour, or day, but not the exact second, then Trunc (and its subclasses) can be useful to filter or aggregate your data. For example, you can use Trunc to calculate the number of sales per day.

Trunc takes a single expression, representing a DateField, TimeField, or DateTimeField, a kind representing a date or time part, and an output_field that's either DateTimeField(), TimeField(), or DateField(). It returns a datetime, date, or time depending on output_field, with fields up to kind set to their minimum value. If output_field is omitted, it will default to the output_field of expression. A tzinfo subclass, usually provided by pytz, can be passed to truncate a value in a specific timezone.

Given the datetime 2015-06-15 14:30:50.000321+00:00, the built-in kinds return:

"year": 2015-01-01 00:00:00+00:00
"quarter": 2015-04-01 00:00:00+00:00
"month": 2015-06-01 00:00:00+00:00
"week": 2015-06-15 00:00:00+00:00
"day": 2015-06-15 00:00:00+00:00
"hour": 2015-06-15 14:00:00+00:00
"minute": 2015-06-15 14:30:00+00:00
"second": 2015-06-15 14:30:50+00:00

If a different timezone like Australia/Melbourne is active in Django, then the datetime is converted to the new timezone before the value is truncated. The timezone offset for Melbourne in the example date above is +10:00. The values returned when this timezone is active will be:

"year": 2015-01-01 00:00:00+11:00
"quarter": 2015-04-01 00:00:00+10:00
"month": 2015-06-01 00:00:00+10:00
"week": 2015-06-16 00:00:00+10:00
"day": 2015-06-16 00:00:00+10:00
"hour": 2015-06-16 00:00:00+10:00
"minute": 2015-06-16 00:30:00+10:00
"second": 2015-06-16 00:30:50+10:00

The year has an offset of +11:00 because the result transitioned into daylight saving time.

Each kind above has a corresponding Trunc subclass (listed below) that should typically be used instead of the more verbose equivalent, e.g. use TruncYear(...) rather than Trunc(..., kind='year').

The subclasses are all defined as transforms, but they aren't registered with any fields, because the obvious lookup names are already reserved by the Extract subclasses.

使用实例：

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> from django.db.models import Count, DateTimeField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Trunc
>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321))
>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 40, 2, 123))
>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=datetime(2015, 12, 25, 10, 5, 27, 999))
>>> experiments_per_day = Experiment.objects.annotate(
...    start_day=Trunc('start_datetime', 'day', output_field=DateTimeField())
... ).values('start_day').annotate(experiments=Count('id'))
>>> for exp in experiments_per_day:
...     print(exp['start_day'], exp['experiments'])
...
2015-06-15 00:00:00 2
2015-12-25 00:00:00 1
>>> experiments = Experiment.objects.annotate(
...    start_day=Trunc('start_datetime', 'day', output_field=DateTimeField())
... ).filter(start_day=datetime(2015, 6, 15))
>>> for exp in experiments:
...     print(exp.start_datetime)
...
2015-06-15 14:30:50.000321
2015-06-15 14:40:02.000123

`DateField` truncationP

class TruncYear(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

kind = 'year'

class TruncMonth(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

kind = 'month'

class TruncWeek(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Truncates to midnight on the Monday of the week.

kind = 'week'

class TruncQuarter(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

kind = 'quarter'

These are logically equivalent to Trunc('date_field', kind). They truncate all parts of the date up to kind which allows grouping or filtering dates with less precision. expression can have an output_field of either DateField or DateTimeField.

Since DateFields don't have a time component, only Trunc subclasses that deal with date-parts can be used with DateField:

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> from django.db.models import Count
>>> from django.db.models.functions import TruncMonth, TruncYear
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> start1 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> start2 = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 40, 2, 123, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> start3 = datetime(2015, 12, 31, 17, 5, 27, 999, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start1, start_date=start1.date())
>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start2, start_date=start2.date())
>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start3, start_date=start3.date())
>>> experiments_per_year = Experiment.objects.annotate(
...    year=TruncYear('start_date')).values('year').annotate(
...    experiments=Count('id'))
>>> for exp in experiments_per_year:
...     print(exp['year'], exp['experiments'])
...
2014-01-01 1
2015-01-01 2

>>> import pytz
>>> melb = pytz.timezone('Australia/Melbourne')
>>> experiments_per_month = Experiment.objects.annotate(
...    month=TruncMonth('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb)).values('month').annotate(
...    experiments=Count('id'))
>>> for exp in experiments_per_month:
...     print(exp['month'], exp['experiments'])
...
2015-06-01 00:00:00+10:00 1
2016-01-01 00:00:00+11:00 1
2014-06-01 00:00:00+10:00 1

`DateTimeField` truncationP

class TruncDate(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'date'

output_field = DateField()

TruncDate casts expression to a date rather than using the built-in SQL truncate function. It's also registered as a transform on DateTimeField as __date.

class TruncTime(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

lookup_name = 'time'

output_field = TimeField()

TruncTime casts expression to a time rather than using the built-in SQL truncate function. It's also registered as a transform on DateTimeField as __time.

class TruncDay(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

kind = 'day'

class TruncHour(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

kind = 'hour'

class TruncMinute(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

kind = 'minute'

class TruncSecond(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]P

kind = 'second'

These are logically equivalent to Trunc('datetime_field', kind). They truncate all parts of the date up to kind and allow grouping or filtering datetimes with less precision. expression must have an output_field of DateTimeField.

使用实例：

>>> from datetime import date, datetime
>>> from django.db.models import Count
>>> from django.db.models.functions import (
...     TruncDate, TruncDay, TruncHour, TruncMinute, TruncSecond,
... )
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> import pytz
>>> start1 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start1, start_date=start1.date())
>>> melb = pytz.timezone('Australia/Melbourne')
>>> Experiment.objects.annotate(
...     date=TruncDate('start_datetime'),
...     day=TruncDay('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
...     hour=TruncHour('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
...     minute=TruncMinute('start_datetime'),
...     second=TruncSecond('start_datetime'),
... ).values('date', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second').get()
{'date': datetime.date(2014, 6, 15),
 'day': datetime.datetime(2014, 6, 16, 0, 0, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'Australia/Melbourne' AEST+10:00:00 STD>),
 'hour': datetime.datetime(2014, 6, 16, 0, 0, tzinfo=<DstTzInfo 'Australia/Melbourne' AEST+10:00:00 STD>),
 'minute': 'minute': datetime.datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, tzinfo=<UTC>),
 'second': datetime.datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, tzinfo=<UTC>)
}

`TimeField` truncationP

class TruncHour(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]

kind = 'hour'

class TruncMinute(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]

kind = 'minute'

class TruncSecond(expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, **extra)[源代码]

kind = 'second'

These are logically equivalent to Trunc('time_field', kind). They truncate all parts of the time up to kind which allows grouping or filtering times with less precision. expression can have an output_field of either TimeField or DateTimeField.

Since TimeFields don't have a date component, only Trunc subclasses that deal with time-parts can be used with TimeField:

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> from django.db.models import Count, TimeField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import TruncHour
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> start1 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> start2 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 40, 2, 123, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> start3 = datetime(2015, 12, 31, 17, 5, 27, 999, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start1, start_time=start1.time())
>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start2, start_time=start2.time())
>>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start3, start_time=start3.time())
>>> experiments_per_hour = Experiment.objects.annotate(
...    hour=TruncHour('start_datetime', output_field=TimeField()),
... ).values('hour').annotate(experiments=Count('id'))
>>> for exp in experiments_per_hour:
...     print(exp['hour'], exp['experiments'])
...
14:00:00 2
17:00:00 1

>>> import pytz
>>> melb = pytz.timezone('Australia/Melbourne')
>>> experiments_per_hour = Experiment.objects.annotate(
...    hour=TruncHour('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
... ).values('hour').annotate(experiments=Count('id'))
>>> for exp in experiments_per_hour:
...     print(exp['hour'], exp['experiments'])
...
2014-06-16 00:00:00+10:00 2
2016-01-01 04:00:00+11:00 1

Math FunctionsP

New in Django 2.2:

We'll be using the following model in math function examples:

class Vector(models.Model):
    x = models.FloatField()
    y = models.FloatField()

`Abs`P

class Abs(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the absolute value of a numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Abs
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=-0.5, y=1.1)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_abs=Abs('x'), y_abs=Abs('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_abs, vector.y_abs
(0.5, 1.1)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Abs
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Abs)
>>> # Get vectors inside the unit cube
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__abs__lt=1, y__abs__lt=1)

`ACos`P

class ACos(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the arccosine of a numeric field or expression. The expression value must be within the range -1 to 1.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import ACos
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=0.5, y=-0.9)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_acos=ACos('x'), y_acos=ACos('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_acos, vector.y_acos
(1.0471975511965979, 2.6905658417935308)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import ACos
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(ACos)
>>> # Get vectors whose arccosine is less than 1
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__acos__lt=1, y__acos__lt=1)

`ASin`P

class ASin(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the arcsine of a numeric field or expression. The expression value must be in the range -1 to 1.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import ASin
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=0, y=1)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_asin=ASin('x'), y_asin=ASin('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_asin, vector.y_asin
(0.0, 1.5707963267948966)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import ASin
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(ASin)
>>> # Get vectors whose arcsine is less than 1
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__asin__lt=1, y__asin__lt=1)

`ATan`P

class ATan(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the arctangent of a numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import ATan
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=3.12, y=6.987)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_atan=ATan('x'), y_atan=ATan('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_atan, vector.y_atan
(1.2606282660069106, 1.428638798133829)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import ATan
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(ATan)
>>> # Get vectors whose arctangent is less than 2
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__atan__lt=2, y__atan__lt=2)

`ATan2`P

class ATan2(expression1, expression2, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the arctangent of expression1 / expression2.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import ATan2
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=2.5, y=1.9)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(atan2=ATan2('x', 'y')).get()
>>> vector.atan2
0.9209258773829491

`Ceil`P

class Ceil(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Ceil
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=3.12, y=7.0)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_ceil=Ceil('x'), y_ceil=Ceil('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_ceil, vector.y_ceil
(4.0, 7.0)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Ceil
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Ceil)
>>> # Get vectors whose ceil is less than 10
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__ceil__lt=10, y__ceil__lt=10)

`Cos`P

class Cos(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the cosine of a numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cos
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=-8.0, y=3.1415926)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_cos=Cos('x'), y_cos=Cos('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_cos, vector.y_cos
(-0.14550003380861354, -0.9999999999999986)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cos
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Cos)
>>> # Get vectors whose cosine is less than 0.5
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__cos__lt=0.5, y__cos__lt=0.5)

`Cot`P

class Cot(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the cotangent of a numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cot
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=12.0, y=1.0)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_cot=Cot('x'), y_cot=Cot('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_cot, vector.y_cot
(-1.5726734063976826, 0.642092615934331)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Cot
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Cot)
>>> # Get vectors whose cotangent is less than 1
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__cot__lt=1, y__cot__lt=1)

`Degrees`P

class Degrees(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Converts a numeric field or expression from radians to degrees.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Degrees
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=-1.57, y=3.14)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_d=Degrees('x'), y_d=Degrees('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_d, vector.y_d
(-89.95437383553924, 179.9087476710785)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Degrees
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Degrees)
>>> # Get vectors whose degrees are less than 360
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__degrees__lt=360, y__degrees__lt=360)

`Exp`P

class Exp(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the value of e (the natural logarithm base) raised to the power of a numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Exp
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=-2.0)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_exp=Exp('x'), y_exp=Exp('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_exp, vector.y_exp
(221.40641620418717, 0.1353352832366127)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Exp
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Exp)
>>> # Get vectors whose exp() is greater than 10
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__exp__gt=10, y__exp__gt=10)

`Floor`P

class Floor(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the largest integer value not greater than a numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Floor
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=-2.3)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_floor=Floor('x'), y_floor=Floor('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_floor, vector.y_floor
(5.0, -3.0)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Floor
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Floor)
>>> # Get vectors whose floor() is greater than 10
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__floor__gt=10, y__floor__gt=10)

`Ln`P

class Ln(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the natural logarithm a numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Ln
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=233.0)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_ln=Ln('x'), y_ln=Ln('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_ln, vector.y_ln
(1.6863989535702288, 5.4510384535657)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Ln
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Ln)
>>> # Get vectors whose value greater than e
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__ln__gt=1, y__ln__gt=1)

`Log`P

class Log(expression1, expression2, **extra)[源代码]P

Accepts two numeric fields or expressions and returns the logarithm of the first to base of the second.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Log
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=2.0, y=4.0)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(log=Log('x', 'y')).get()
>>> vector.log
2.0

`Mod`P

class Mod(expression1, expression2, **extra)[源代码]P

Accepts two numeric fields or expressions and returns the remainder of the first divided by the second (modulo operation).

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Mod
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=2.3)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(mod=Mod('x', 'y')).get()
>>> vector.mod
0.8

`Pi`P

class Pi(**extra)[源代码]P

Returns the value of the mathematical constant π.

`Power`P

class Power(expression1, expression2, **extra)[源代码]P

Accepts two numeric fields or expressions and returns the value of the first raised to the power of the second.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Power
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=2, y=-2)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(power=Power('x', 'y')).get()
>>> vector.power
0.25

`Radians`P

class Radians(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Converts a numeric field or expression from degrees to radians.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Radians
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=-90, y=180)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_r=Radians('x'), y_r=Radians('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_r, vector.y_r
(-1.5707963267948966, 3.141592653589793)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Radians
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Radians)
>>> # Get vectors whose radians are less than 1
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__radians__lt=1, y__radians__lt=1)

`Round`P

class Round(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Rounds a numeric field or expression to the nearest integer. Whether half values are rounded up or down depends on the database.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Round
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=-2.3)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_r=Round('x'), y_r=Round('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_r, vector.y_r
(5.0, -2.0)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Round
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Round)
>>> # Get vectors whose round() is less than 20
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__round__lt=20, y__round__lt=20)

`Sin`P

class Sin(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the sine of a numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Sin
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=5.4, y=-2.3)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_sin=Sin('x'), y_sin=Sin('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_sin, vector.y_sin
(-0.7727644875559871, -0.7457052121767203)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Sin
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Sin)
>>> # Get vectors whose sin() is less than 0
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__sin__lt=0, y__sin__lt=0)

`Sqrt`P

class Sqrt(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the square root of a nonnegative numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Sqrt
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=4.0, y=12.0)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_sqrt=Sqrt('x'), y_sqrt=Sqrt('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_sqrt, vector.y_sqrt
(2.0, 3.46410)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Sqrt
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Sqrt)
>>> # Get vectors whose sqrt() is less than 5
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__sqrt__lt=5, y__sqrt__lt=5)

`Tan`P

class Tan(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the tangent of a numeric field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Tan
>>> Vector.objects.create(x=0, y=12)
>>> vector = Vector.objects.annotate(x_tan=Tan('x'), y_tan=Tan('y')).get()
>>> vector.x_tan, vector.y_tan
(0.0, -0.6358599286615808)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import FloatField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Tan
>>> FloatField.register_lookup(Tan)
>>> # Get vectors whose tangent is less than 0
>>> vectors = Vector.objects.filter(x__tan__lt=0, y__tan__lt=0)

Text functionsP

`Chr`P

class Chr(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Accepts a numeric field or expression and returns the text representation of the expression as a single character. It works the same as Python's chr() function.

Like Length, it can be registered as a transform on IntegerField. The default lookup name is chr.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Chr
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> author = Author.objects.filter(name__startswith=Chr(ord('M'))).get()
>>> print(author.name)
Margaret Smith

`Concat`P

class Concat(*expressions, **extra)[源代码]P

Accepts a list of at least two text fields or expressions and returns the concatenated text. Each argument must be of a text or char type. If you want to concatenate a TextField() with a CharField(), then be sure to tell Django that the output_field should be a TextField(). Specifying an output_field is also required when concatenating a Value as in the example below.

This function will never have a null result. On backends where a null argument results in the entire expression being null, Django will ensure that each null part is converted to an empty string first.

使用实例：

>>> # Get the display name as "name (goes_by)"
>>> from django.db.models import CharField, Value as V
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Concat
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith', goes_by='Maggie')
>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(
...     screen_name=Concat(
...         'name', V(' ('), 'goes_by', V(')'),
...         output_field=CharField()
...     )
... ).get()
>>> print(author.screen_name)
Margaret Smith (Maggie)

`Left`P

class Left(expression, length, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Returns the first length characters of the given text field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Left
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(first_initial=Left('name', 1)).get()
>>> print(author.first_initial)
M

`Length`P

class Length(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Accepts a single text field or expression and returns the number of characters the value has. If the expression is null, then the length will also be null.

使用实例：

>>> # Get the length of the name and goes_by fields
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Length
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(
...    name_length=Length('name'),
...    goes_by_length=Length('goes_by')).get()
>>> print(author.name_length, author.goes_by_length)
(14, None)

It can also be registered as a transform. For example:

>>> from django.db.models import CharField
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Length
>>> CharField.register_lookup(Length)
>>> # Get authors whose name is longer than 7 characters
>>> authors = Author.objects.filter(name__length__gt=7)

`Lower`P

class Lower(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Accepts a single text field or expression and returns the lowercase representation.

It can also be registered as a transform as described in Length.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Lower
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(name_lower=Lower('name')).get()
>>> print(author.name_lower)
margaret smith

`LPad`P

class LPad(expression, length, fill_text=Value(' '), **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Returns the value of the given text field or expression padded on the left side with fill_text so that the resulting value is length characters long. The default fill_text is a space.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models import Value
>>> from django.db.models.functions import LPad
>>> Author.objects.create(name='John', alias='j')
>>> Author.objects.update(name=LPad('name', 8, Value('abc')))
1
>>> print(Author.objects.get(alias='j').name)
abcaJohn

`LTrim`P

class LTrim(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Similar to Trim, but removes only leading spaces.

`Ord`P

class Ord(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Accepts a single text field or expression and returns the Unicode code point value for the first character of that expression. It works similar to Python's ord() function, but an exception isn't raised if the expression is more than one character long.

It can also be registered as a transform as described in Length. The default lookup name is ord.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Ord
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(name_code_point=Ord('name')).get()
>>> print(author.name_code_point)
77

`Repeat`P

class Repeat(expression, number, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Returns the value of the given text field or expression repeated number times.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Repeat
>>> Author.objects.create(name='John', alias='j')
>>> Author.objects.update(name=Repeat('name', 3))
1
>>> print(Author.objects.get(alias='j').name)
JohnJohnJohn

`Replace`P

class Replace(expression, text, replacement=Value(''), **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Replaces all occurrences of text with replacement in expression. The default replacement text is the empty string. The arguments to the function are case-sensitive.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models import Value
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Replace
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Johnson')
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> Author.objects.update(name=Replace('name', Value('Margaret'), Value('Margareth')))
2
>>> Author.objects.values('name')
<QuerySet [{'name': 'Margareth Johnson'}, {'name': 'Margareth Smith'}]>

`Reverse`P

class Reverse(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.2:

Accepts a single text field or expression and returns the characters of that expression in reverse order.

It can also be registered as a transform as described in Length. The default lookup name is reverse.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Reverse
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(backward=Reverse('name')).get()
>>> print(author.backward)
htimS teragraM

`Right`P

class Right(expression, length, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Returns the last length characters of the given text field or expression.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Right
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(last_letter=Right('name', 1)).get()
>>> print(author.last_letter)
h

`RPad`P

class RPad(expression, length, fill_text=Value(' '), **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Similar to LPad, but pads on the right side.

`RTrim`P

class RTrim(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Similar to Trim, but removes only trailing spaces.

`StrIndex`P

class StrIndex(string, substring, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns a positive integer corresponding to the 1-indexed position of the first occurrence of substring inside string, or 0 if substring is not found.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models import Value as V
>>> from django.db.models.functions import StrIndex
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Smith, Margaret')
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Jackson')
>>> Author.objects.filter(name='Margaret Jackson').annotate(
...     smith_index=StrIndex('name', V('Smith'))
... ).get().smith_index
0
>>> authors = Author.objects.annotate(
...    smith_index=StrIndex('name', V('Smith'))
... ).filter(smith_index__gt=0)
<QuerySet [<Author: Margaret Smith>, <Author: Smith, Margaret>]>

警告

In MySQL, a database table's collation determines whether string comparisons (such as the expression and substring of this function) are case-sensitive. Comparisons are case-insensitive by default.

`Substr`P

class Substr(expression, pos, length=None, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns a substring of length length from the field or expression starting at position pos. The position is 1-indexed, so the position must be greater than 0. If length is None, then the rest of the string will be returned.

使用实例：

>>> # Set the alias to the first 5 characters of the name as lowercase
>>> from django.db.models.functions import Lower, Substr
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> Author.objects.update(alias=Lower(Substr('name', 1, 5)))
1
>>> print(Author.objects.get(name='Margaret Smith').alias)
marga

`Trim`P

class Trim(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

New in Django 2.1:

Returns the value of the given text field or expression with leading and trailing spaces removed.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Trim
>>> Author.objects.create(name='  John  ', alias='j')
>>> Author.objects.update(name=Trim('name'))
1
>>> print(Author.objects.get(alias='j').name)
John

`Upper`P

class Upper(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Accepts a single text field or expression and returns the uppercase representation.

It can also be registered as a transform as described in Length.

使用实例：

>>> from django.db.models.functions import Upper
>>> Author.objects.create(name='Margaret Smith')
>>> author = Author.objects.annotate(name_upper=Upper('name')).get()
>>> print(author.name_upper)
MARGARET SMITH

Window functionsP

There are a number of functions to use in a Window expression for computing the rank of elements or the Ntile of some rows.

`CumeDist`P

class CumeDist(*expressions, **extra)[源代码]P

Calculates the cumulative distribution of a value within a window or partition. The cumulative distribution is defined as the number of rows preceding or peered with the current row divided by the total number of rows in the frame.

`DenseRank`P

class DenseRank(*expressions, **extra)[源代码]P

Equivalent to Rank but does not have gaps.

`FirstValue`P

class FirstValue(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Returns the value evaluated at the row that's the first row of the window frame, or None if no such value exists.

`Lag`P

class Lag(expression, offset=1, default=None, **extra)[源代码]P

Calculates the value offset by offset, and if no row exists there, returns default.

default must have the same type as the expression, however, this is only validated by the database and not in Python.

MariaDB and default

MariaDB doesn't support the default parameter.

`LastValue`P

class LastValue(expression, **extra)[源代码]P

Comparable to FirstValue, it calculates the last value in a given frame clause.

`Lead`P

class Lead(expression, offset=1, default=None, **extra)[源代码]P

Calculates the leading value in a given frame. Both offset and default are evaluated with respect to the current row.

default must have the same type as the expression, however, this is only validated by the database and not in Python.

MariaDB and default

MariaDB doesn't support the default parameter.

`NthValue`P

class NthValue(expression, nth=1, **extra)[源代码]P

Computes the row relative to the offset nth (must be a positive value) within the window. Returns None if no row exists.

Some databases may handle a nonexistent nth-value differently. For example, Oracle returns an empty string rather than None for character-based expressions. Django doesn't do any conversions in these cases.

`Ntile`P

class Ntile(num_buckets=1, **extra)[源代码]P

Calculates a partition for each of the rows in the frame clause, distributing numbers as evenly as possible between 1 and num_buckets. If the rows don't divide evenly into a number of buckets, one or more buckets will be represented more frequently.

`PercentRank`P

class PercentRank(*expressions, **extra)[源代码]P

Computes the percentile rank of the rows in the frame clause. This computation is equivalent to evaluating:

(rank - 1) / (total rows - 1)

The following table explains the calculation for the percentile rank of a row:

Row #	Value	Rank	Calculation	Percent Rank
1	15	1	(1-1)/(7-1)	0.0000
2	20	2	(2-1)/(7-1)	0.1666
3	20	2	(2-1)/(7-1)	0.1666
4	20	2	(2-1)/(7-1)	0.1666
5	30	5	(5-1)/(7-1)	0.6666
6	30	5	(5-1)/(7-1)	0.6666
7	40	7	(7-1)/(7-1)	1.0000

`Rank`P

class Rank(*expressions, **extra)[源代码]P

Comparable to RowNumber, this function ranks rows in the window. The computed rank contains gaps. Use DenseRank to compute rank without gaps.

`RowNumber`P

class RowNumber(*expressions, **extra)[源代码]P

Computes the row number according to the ordering of either the frame clause or the ordering of the whole query if there is no partitioning of the window frame.

Django 2.2.5.dev20190823064900 文档

Database FunctionsP

Comparison and conversion functionsP

CastP

CoalesceP

GreatestP

LeastP

NullIfP

Date functionsP

ExtractP

DateField extractsP

DateTimeField extractsP

NowP

TruncP

DateField truncationP

DateTimeField truncationP

TimeField truncationP

Math FunctionsP

AbsP

ACosP

ASinP

ATanP

ATan2P

CeilP

CosP

CotP

DegreesP

ExpP

FloorP

LnP

LogP

ModP

PiP

PowerP

RadiansP

RoundP

SinP

SqrtP

TanP

Text functionsP

ChrP

ConcatP

LeftP

LengthP

LowerP

LPadP

LTrimP

OrdP

RepeatP

ReplaceP

ReverseP

RightP

RPadP

RTrimP

StrIndexP

SubstrP

TrimP

UpperP

Window functionsP

CumeDistP

DenseRankP

FirstValueP

LagP

LastValueP

LeadP

NthValueP

NtileP

PercentRankP

RankP

RowNumberP

Last update:

`Cast`P

`Coalesce`P

`Greatest`P

`Least`P

`NullIf`P

`Extract`P

`DateField` extractsP

`DateTimeField` extractsP

`Now`P

`Trunc`P

`DateField` truncationP

`DateTimeField` truncationP

`TimeField` truncationP

`Abs`P

`ACos`P

`ASin`P

`ATan`P

`ATan2`P

`Ceil`P

`Cos`P

`Cot`P

`Degrees`P

`Exp`P

`Floor`P

`Ln`P

`Log`P

`Mod`P

`Pi`P

`Power`P

`Radians`P

`Round`P

`Sin`P

`Sqrt`P

`Tan`P

`Chr`P

`Concat`P

`Left`P

`Length`P

`Lower`P

`LPad`P

`LTrim`P

`Ord`P

`Repeat`P

`Replace`P

`Reverse`P

`Right`P

`RPad`P

`RTrim`P

`StrIndex`P

`Substr`P

`Trim`P

`Upper`P

`CumeDist`P

`DenseRank`P

`FirstValue`P

`Lag`P

`LastValue`P

`Lead`P

`NthValue`P

`Ntile`P

`PercentRank`P

`Rank`P

`RowNumber`P